The book “Impact of GlobalClimate Change on Agriculture” is a compilation of best soil, nutrient, crop and climate change mitigation vis-a-vis management strategies and carbon sequestration,resource conservation agriculture practices in changing world agriculture scenario due to pressure on land and water for sustainable food security and socio-economic development of ever growing world population. The book has been divided into 10 chapters on various issues related to modern soil and crop science coupled with sustainable agriculture resource conserving technologies. Chapter 1 deals with global climate change, causes of climate change, impact of climate change on agriculture and systems, climate change and water, mitigation and adaptation strategies for combating global climate change including land usespractices (LUPs), integrated soilfertility management (ISFM), biological management of soil fertiity (BMSF),role of biodiversity and resource conservation technologies (RCTs). Chapter 2 highlights the soil health (Quality) vis-à-vis soil organic carbon in scenario of climate change and challenges of food Security. The enhancing soil organic carbon stock (SOC) looks an ultimate solution for sustainable soil heath and food security. Chapter 3 focuses on soil carbon sequestration –as solution for mitigating global climate change along with soil carbon sequestration practices like adoption ofrecommemded agriculturl practices (RAPs) and land use practices (LUPs) for uses and benefits of research scholar, soil scientist, crop scientist, agronomist, extension worker and farm workers. Chapter 4 describes farming carbon and sequestration for enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural lands for sustainable crop production and productivity. Various carbons farming practice like low tillage /no tillage, crop rotations, fertilisations, land use management (LUM), biochar burial and composting technologies described with suitable examples. Chapter 5 is a classical collection and compilation of a to z information on resource conservation technologies (RCTs) for sustainable agriculture. It gives all the answers related to conservation agriculture in modern changing agriculture scenario like frequently ask questions mode e.g. goal of CA, characteristics of CA, what is not CA, is CA compatible with IPM,role of animal husbandary in CA,down sides of CA, benefits of CA, issues inCA, is conservation agriculture real, new machines in CA, RCTs-potential tools for attaining food, nutritional and livelihood security , RCTs in rice –wheat system and need for CA, laser land levelling, RCTs in wheat, zero tillage and energy and economics of CA. Aboutthe Book Chapter 6 deals with approaches in fertiliser recommendations for maximising yield and sustainable soil health with highlighting soil testing services in India, advantage of soil testing,approaches in formulations offertiliser recommendations like, generalised recommendations, fertiliser reccommendations based on soil fertility categories, soil test based fertiliser recommendations for a certain percentage of yield, fertiliser recommendations based on soil critical limits, soil test based recommendations (STCR) for target yield of crops, target yield concept and adjustment equation, STCRunderIPNS for optimising doses, IPNS V/S fertiliser alone on crop response, site specific sutreint sanagement (SSNM) for sice crop, diagnosis and recommendations integrated system(DRIS) forthe uses of soil and cropexperts vis-à-vis progressive farmers. Chapter 7 well describes concept, objectives, componets and limitations of INM described with classical examples. Chapter suggest an appropriate and best INM options for important crops viz., rice, wheat, sorghum, maize, pearl millet, soybean, groundnut, sunflower, cotton, mustard, sugarcane, pulses, vegetables, spices, fruit crops and ornamental plants besides important cropping system in different agro-climatic zones for sustaining their productivity on one hand and maintaining soil quality for future generation on the other hand. Chapter 8 describes about opportunities forprecesionagriculture andremote sensing for sustainable agriculture highlighting variability in field, components of precesion farming, techniques for identification of GIS problems, success of GIS, limitations of GIS, applications of GIS, global positioning system (GPS), system of GPS, operations,remote sensing (RS), precesion land levelling, etc. It is a software and computer, satellite based techonolgy needs high expertise for operations. Chapter 9 is a collection of more than 100 reviewes on the effect of deforestation on flora and soil properties like soil reaction (Ph), organic carbon (OC) and available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Chapter 10 is a miscellaneous topics of interest (MTI) focus on resource managementtechnologies (RMT)forrice-wheat cropping system, beneficial effect of SRI, salinity in vertisols, diversified farming technologies forlessor Himalayas, precesion farming, organic farming and certification, maximising fertiliser use efficiency, soil pollution remedial measures are useful for readers, scientist, students and farmers. The book will be exteramly important for soil scientists, agronomist, climate change scientist, agrometrologist, extensionist, environmentalist, plant scientist, soil microbiologist, economist,research institutes, colleges; universities,research scholars, students, and progressive farmers. Information given in appendices is also important forreaders.
Subhash Chand Professor Division of Soil Science Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Campus: Shalimar-190025 Srinagar, UT of Jammu & Kashmir
1. Global Climate Change Impact and Mitigation Strategies .............................. 1
1.1 Causes of Climate Change ....................................... 2
1.2 Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and Systems .................................... 2
1.3 Climate Change and Water................................................................. 3
1.4 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Combating Global Climate Change ............ 4
1.4.1 Land Uses Practices (LUPs) ................................................ 4
1.4.2 Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) .................... 5
1.4.3 Biological Management of Soil Fertiity (BMSF)................. 5
1.4.4 Role of Biodiversity .............................................................. 6
1.4.5 Resource Conservation Technologies (RCTs) ................... 6
1.5 Key References and Resources .......................................................... 7
2. Soil Health (Quality) vis-à-vis Soil Organic Carbon and Food Security ....... 9
2.1 Challenges of Soil Quality....................................... 10
2.2 Challenges of Food Security .............................................................. 12
2.3 Enhancing Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) Stock - A Ultimate Solution ............................................ 13
2.4 Key References and Resources ........................................................ 16
3. Soil Carbon Sequestration-A Solution for Mitigating Global Climate Change ......................... 19
3.1 Soil Carbon Sequestration (SCS) ....................................................... 21
3.2 Adoption of Recommemded Agricultural Practices (RAPs) .............................. 23
3.3 Land Uses Practices (LUPs) .............................................................. 28
3.4 Conclusions ........................................................................................ 31
3.5 Future Line of Work ........................................................................... 31
3.6 Key References and Resources ........................................................ 31
4. Farming Carbon and Sequestration for Enhancing Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) in Agricultural Lands ............ 33
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 33
4.2 Farming Carbon (FC) ......................................................................... 36
4.2.1 Low/No Tillage ................................................................. 37
4.2.2 Crop Rotations ................................................................... 38
4.2.3 Fertilization ........................................................................ 39
4.2.4 Land Use Management Practices (LUMPs)..................... 45
4.2.5 Biochar Burial .................................................................... 46
4.2.6 Composting Technologies ................................................. 46
4.3 Conclusions ........................................................................................ 47
4.4 Key References and Resources ........................................................ 47
5. Resource Conservation Technologies (RCTs) for Sustainable Agriculture .......................... 53
5.1 Conservation Agriculture (CA)......................................................... 54
5.1.1 Goal of CA .......................................................................... 55
5.1.2 Characteristics of CA ......................................................... 55
5.1.3 What is not CA ................................................................... 56
5.1.4 Conservation Tillage ......................................................... 56
5.1.4.1 Direct Planting /Seeding ................................. 56
5.1.4.2 Organic Farming ............................................... 56
5.1.4.3 Is CA Compatible with IPM? ........................... 57
5.1.4.4 Role of Animal Husbandry in CA? ................. 57
5.1.4.5 Downsides of CA? ............................................ 57
5.1.4.6 Benefits of CA .................................................... 57
5.1.4.7 Carbon Sequestration (Green House Effect) ......................................... 58
5.2 Issues in CA ........................................................................................ 58
5.2.1 Necessary Technologies are Often Unavailable ............. 59
5.2.2 Is Conservation Agriculture Real? ................................... 60
5.3 New Machines for CA ....................................................................... 60
5.3.1 Double Disc Coulters ......................................................... 60
5.3.2 Punch Planter/Star Wheel................................................ 60
5.3.3 Happy Seeders ................................................................... 61
5.3.4 Rotary Disc Drill (RDD) .................................................... 61
5.4 RTCs in Reclaimed Alkali Soils ........................................................ 62
5.4.1 Immediate Objectives ......................................................... 63
5.4.2 Long-term Objectives ......................................................... 63
5.5 RCTs- Potential Tools for Attaining Food, Nutritional and Livelihood Security ................................................ 63
5.6 RCTs in Rice –Wheat System and Need for CA .............................. 65
5.7 Laser Land Levelling ......................................................................... 66
5.8 RCTs in Wheat ................................................................................... 67
5.8.1 Zero Tillage ......................................................................... 67
5.8.2 Energy and Economics ...................................................... 68
5.8.3 Reduced/Minimum Tillage .............................................. 68
5.8.4 Rotary Tillage ..................................................................... 69
5.8.5 Bed Planting ....................................................................... 69
5.8.6 Surface Seeding .................................................................. 70
5.8.7 Effect of Tillage Options in Phalaris ................................ 70
5.8.8 Water Use and Saving Under Various Tillage Options ........................................... 71
5.8.9 Eco-Friendly Tillage Options (EFTOs) ............................. 72
5.9 RCTs in Rice .............................................. 72
5.9.1 Direct Wet Seeded Rice ...................................................... 73
5.9.2 Weed Management in Direct Seeded Rice ....................... 74
5.9.3 Leaf Colour Chart (LCC).................................................... 74
5.10 Adoptions of Ressource Conserving Technology .......... 75
5.11 Key References and Resources ........................................ 76
6. Approaches in Fertiliser Recommendations (AFRs) for Maximising Yield and Sustainable Soil Health............................ 77
6.1 Soil Testing Services in India ............................................................ 78
6.2 Advantage of Soil Testing ................................................................. 78
6.3 Approaches in Formulations of Fertiliser Recommendations ....................................... 79
6.3.1 Generalized Recommendations ....................................... 79
6.3.2 Fertiliser Reccommendations Based on Soil Fertility Categories ........................................ 79
6.3.3 Soil Test Based Fertiliser Recommendations for a Certain Percentage of Yield ...................... 80
6.3.4 Fertiliser Recommendations Based on Soil Critical Limits ................................. 80
6.3.4.1 Critical Limits .................................................... 81
6.3.5 STCR for Correlation Approaches ................................... 81
6.3.5.1 Objectives of STCR ............................................ 81
6.3.5.2 Uses of STCR ..................................................... 82
6.3.5.3 Target Yield Concept and Adjustment Equation........................................ 82
6.3.6 Target Yield Concept and Adjustment Equation............ 82
6.3.6.1 Target Yield Equations Are Suitability ........... 83
6.3.6.2 STCR underIPNS for Optimising Doses ........ 84
6.3.6.3 IPNS V/S Fertiliser Alone on Crop Response ............................................................ 85
6.3.6.4 Use of STCR in Various Soil Orders ................ 87
6.3.6.5 Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) forRice Crop........................................ 89
6.3.6.7.1 Establishment of Attainable Yield Target ....................................................... 90
6.3.6.7.2 Effectively Use Existing Nutreint .................... 90
6.3.6.7.3 Fertiliser Application to Fill the Defecit Gap between Need & Supply .............. 91
6.3.7 Diagnosis and Recommendations Integrated System (DRIS)............................... 92
6.4 Position and Future Line of Work .................................................... 93
6.5 Conclusions ........................................................................................ 93
6.6 Key References and Resources ........................................................ 94
7. Integrated Nutreint Management (INM) Options for Sustainable Agriculture ............................ 97
7.1 Concept of INM ............................................................................. 98
7.1.1 Shorter Objectives of INM ................................................. 99
7.1.2 Broader Objectives of INM ................................................ 99
7.2 Components of INM ........................................................................100
7.2.1 Soil Reserves (RS) .............................................................100
7.2.2 Use of Mineral Fertiliser ..................................................100
7.2.3 Organic Sources of Plant Nutreint .................................101
7.2.3.1 Farm Yard Manure (FYM) ..............................101
7.2.3.2 Composting .....................................................102
7.2.3.3 Crop Residue Management (CRM) ...............102
7.2.3.4 Green Manuring ..............................................103
7.2.3.5 Biogas Slurries .................................................103
7.2.3.6. Industrial Waste Materials ............................103
7.2.3.7 City Refuses .....................................................104
7.2.3.8 Enriched City Compost ..................................104
7.2.4 Biofertiliser- A Source of Plant Nutrition ......................105
7.2.4.1 Rhizobium Inoculants ....................................105
7.2.4.2 Biofertiliserfor Flooded Rice ..........................105
7.2.4.3 Phosphate Solubilising Micro-organism (PSMs) ..................................106
7.2.4.4 Constraints to Use Biofertilisers ....................106
7.2.4.4.1 Production Constraints ..................................106
7.2.4.4.2 Marketing Constraints ....................................107
7.2.4.5 Precautions to use Bio-fertilisers ...................108
7.2.5 Legumes in Crop Rotations ............................................108
7.2.5.1 Dual Purpose Legumes (DPLs)......................108
7.2.5.2 Legumes Inter-Cropping ................................109
7.2.5.3 Legumes in Rotations .....................................110
7.3 Constraints of INM ..........................................................................110
7.4 Developmental Issues ......................................................................111
7.5 Researchable Issues .........................................................................112
7.6 Future Plan of Work .........................................................................113
7.7 INM Options forImportant Crops ..................................................114
7.7.1 Rice ....................................................................................124
7.7.2 Wheat ................................................................................124
7.7.3 Sorghum ............................................................................124
7.7.4 Maize .................................................................................125
7.7.5 Pearlmillet (Bajra).............................................................125
7.7.6 Soybean .............................................................................126
7.7.7 Groundnut ........................................................................126
7.7.8 Sunflower..........................................................................126
7.7.9 Cotton ................................................................................126
7.7.10 Mustard.............................................................................126
7.7.11 Sugarcane .........................................................................127
7.7.12 Pulses ................................................................................127
7.7.13 Vegetables .........................................................................128
7.7.14 Spices ................................................................................134
7.7.15 Fruits .................................................................................134
7.7.16 Ornamental Plants ...........................................................134
7.7.17 Miscellaneous Crops .......................................................135
7.8 INM forImportant Cropping Systems ...........................................135
7.8.1 Rice-Wheat........................................................................135
7.8.2 Rice-Rice ...........................................................................138
7.8.3&4 Maize-Wheat & Soybean-Wheat ....................................139
7.8.5 Miscellaneous Cropping System ....................................141
7.9 Conclusions ......................................................................................142
7.10 Key References and Resources .......................................................142
8. Opportunities for Precision Farming (PF) and Remote Sensing (RS) for Sustainable Soil and Crop Management ......147
8.1 Introduction ......................................................................................147
8.2 Precision Farming ...........................................................................148
8.2.1 Precision Farming –Why.................................................149
8.2.2 Variability in Field ...........................................................150
8.2.3 Components of Precesion Farming ................................151
8.2.4 Strategies forImplementation .........................................152
8.2.5 Techniques forIdentification of GIS Problems..............152
8.2.6 Problems forImplementations ........................................153
8.2.7 Success of GIS ...................................................................153
8.2.8 Limitations of GIS ............................................................153
8.2.9 Miscellaneous ..................................................................154
8.2.10 Applications of GIS..........................................................154
8.3 Global Positioning System (GPS) ...................................................154
8.3.1 System of GPS ...................................................................155
8.3.2 GPS Operations ................................................................155
8.3.3 How GPS Works ..............................................................156
8.4 Remote Sensing (RS) ........................................................................158
8.3.4.1 Cost Estimation of DGPS Networks ..............158
8.5 Precision Land Levelling ................................................................164
8.6 Variable Rate Technology ...............................................................165
8.7 Site-Specific Planting .......................................................................165
8.8 Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) .................................166
8.9 Precision Water Management.........................................................168
8.10 Site-Specific Weed Management (SSWM)......................................169
8.11 Precision Insects/Pest & Diseases Management..........................170
8.12 Practicle Problems in Indian Agriculture ......................................171
8.13 Methodology to be Adopted............................................................171
8.14 Economic Feasibility of Precision Farming in India in Agriculture Conditions ........................172
8.15 Indian Initiatives and Conditions ..................................................172
8.16 Key References and Resources .......................................................173
9. Impact of Deforestation on Flora and Soil Attributes ..............177
9.1 Introduction ......................................................................................177
9.2 Impact of Deforestation on Flora ....................................................178
9.3 Impact of Deforestation on Soil Properties ....................................183
9.3.1 Soil Reaction .....................................................................183
9.3.2 Organic Carbon ................................................................184
9.3.3 Available Nitrogen ..........................................................185
9.3.4 Available Phosphorus .....................................................186
9.3.5 Available Potassium ........................................................186
9.4 Conclusions ......................................................................................187
9.5 Key References and Resources ...................................................... 187
10. Miscellaneous Topics of Interest (MTI) .......................................197
10.1 Resource Management Technologies for Rice-Wheat Production Technologies .................. 197
10.2 Beneficial Effect of System of Rice Intensification Technologies .............................199
10.3 Salinity in Vertisols ..........................................................................203
10.4 Diversified Farming Technologies for Rural Development in Lesser Himalayas ................................................205
10.5 Importance of Prcesion Farming ....................................................208
10.6 Organic Farming and Certification ................................................213
10.7 Guidelines for Fertiliser Use Efficiencies .......................................215
10.8 Soil Pollution through Agrochemical & Remedial Measures ......................................................................... 221
11. Some Important Terms ..................................................................227
12. Appendices I-XV .............................................................................257
13. Abbreviations Used in Book ..........................................................271
14. Execute Summary ...........................................................................275
