Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
5.5
3.4
Journals
Water
Special Issues
Management of Hydrological Extremes: Floods and Droughts
share announcement

Management of Hydrological Extremes: Floods and Droughts

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydrology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2019) | Viewed by 44013

Special Issue Editors

Dr. João Filipe Santos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7800-309 Beja, Portugal
Interests: hydraulics and water resources engineering; hydrology; climate change; risk analysis and extreme hydrological events
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Maria Manuela Portela

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: surface hydrology; extreme hydrological events; statistical models; trend detection; regionalization models; uncertainty and risks analysis and design of infra-structures
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Inmaculada Pulido-Calvo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dpto. de Ciencias Agroforestales, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
Interests: fluid mechanics; hydraulic engineering; water resources management; water distribution network; heuristic model
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues

The management of extreme hydrological phenomena such as droughts and floods is assumed to be an important concern to all human civilization. Since they are global natural hazards that are being intensified by climate variability and constitute a threat to increasingly scarce freshwater, it is important to develop knowledge to support risk management and adaptation planning.

This Special Issue will focus on highlighting ongoing research investigations and new methodologies in the field to better anticipate and improve preparedness systems for future hydrological extreme events but also to facilitate the process of decision making and the promotion of societal resilience.

Within this framework, the Editor of this Special Issue would like to invite original research contributions that emphasize the following areas:

- Water governance and regulatory processes regarding the management of hydrological extremes;

- Preparedness systems and disaster warning. Methods and applications for (a) monitoring floods and droughts, (b) frequency analysis on flood and drought variables/indicators, spatio-temporal patterns, and variability, and (c) the prediction of hydrological extremes in near real-time and future forecasting;

- Risk assessment concepts for hydrological extremes that could innovate in respect to the limitations of current methods and assessment practices;

- An assessment of value of the information on hydrological impacts to relevant stakeholders and decision makers at regional scale using case studies;

- Risk management. New approaches on (a) the prevention and mitigation of hydrological extremes and (b) adaptation strategies for future climate scenarios;

- The vulnerability of water resources systems to extreme hydrological events using case studies.

Submissions of both general methodological contributions as well as case studies of hydrological extremes management in different regions covering a wide range of spatial scales are strongly encouraged.

Prof. Dr. João Filipe Santos
Prof. Dr. Maria Manuela Portela
Dr. Inmaculada Pulido-Calvo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • risk assessment
  • society resilience
  • floods
  • droughts
  • water resources vulnerability
  • preparedness and early warning systems

Published Papers (12 papers)

Download All Papers
Order results
Result details
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

22 pages, 2867 KiB  
Article
Copula-Based Multivariate Frequency Analysis of the 2012–2018 Drought in Northeast Brazil
by João Dehon Pontes Filho, Francisco de Assis Souza Filho, Eduardo Sávio Passos Rodrigues Martins and Ticiana Marinho de Carvalho Studart
Water 2020, 12(3), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030834 - 16 Mar 2020
Cited by 48 | Viewed by 4687
Abstract
The 2012–2018 drought was such an extreme event in the drought-prone area of Northeast Brazil that it triggered a discussion about proactive drought management. This paper aims at understanding the causes and consequences of this event and analyzes its frequency. A consecutive sequence [...] Read more.
The 2012–2018 drought was such an extreme event in the drought-prone area of Northeast Brazil that it triggered a discussion about proactive drought management. This paper aims at understanding the causes and consequences of this event and analyzes its frequency. A consecutive sequence of sea surface temperature anomalies in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, at both the decadal and interannual scales, led to this severe and persistent drought. Drought duration and severity were analyzed using run theory at the hydrographic region scale as decision-makers understand impact analysis better at this scale. Copula functions were used to properly model drought joint characteristics as they presented different marginal distributions and an asymmetric behavior. The 2012–2018 drought in Ceará State had the highest mean bivariate return period ever recorded, estimated at 240 years. Considering drought duration and severity simultaneously at the level of the hydrographic regions improves risk assessment. This result advances our understanding of exceptional events. In this sense, the present work proposes the use of this analysis as a tool for proactive drought planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Hydrological Extremes: Floods and Droughts)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3892 KiB  
Article
On the Uncertainty and Changeability of the Estimates of Seasonal Maximum Flows
by Iwona Markiewicz, Ewa Bogdanowicz and Krzysztof Kochanek
Water 2020, 12(3), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030704 - 04 Mar 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2279
Abstract
A classical approach to flood frequency modeling is based on the choice of the probability distribution to best describe the analyzed series of annual or seasonal maximum flows. In the paper, we discuss the two main problems, the uncertainty and instability of the [...] Read more.
A classical approach to flood frequency modeling is based on the choice of the probability distribution to best describe the analyzed series of annual or seasonal maximum flows. In the paper, we discuss the two main problems, the uncertainty and instability of the upper quantile estimates, which serve as the design values. Ways to mitigate the above-mentioned problems are proposed and illustrated by seasonal maximum flows at the Proszówki gauging station on the Raba River. The inverse Gaussian and generalized exponential distributions, which are not commonly used for flood frequency modeling, were found to be suitable for Polish data of seasonal peak flows. At the same time, the heavy tailed distributions, which are currently recommended for extreme hydrological phenomena modeling, were found to be inappropriate. Applying the classical approach of selecting the best fitted model to the peak flows data, significant shifts in the upper quantile estimates were often observed when a new observation was added to the data series. The method of aggregation, proposed by the authors, mitigates this problem. Elimination of distributions that are poorly fitted to the data series increases the stability of the upper quantile estimates over time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Hydrological Extremes: Floods and Droughts)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4259 KiB  
Article
Drought and Ecological Flows in the Lower Guadiana River Basin (Southwest Iberian Peninsula)
by Inmaculada Pulido-Calvo, Juan Carlos Gutiérrez-Estrada and Víctor Sanz-Fernández
Water 2020, 12(3), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030677 - 02 Mar 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4449
Abstract
Drought temporal characterization is a fundamental instrument in water resource management and planning of basins with dry-summer Mediterranean climate and with a significant seasonal and interannual variability of precipitation regime. This is the case for the Lower Guadiana Basin, where the river is [...] Read more.
Drought temporal characterization is a fundamental instrument in water resource management and planning of basins with dry-summer Mediterranean climate and with a significant seasonal and interannual variability of precipitation regime. This is the case for the Lower Guadiana Basin, where the river is the border between Spain and Portugal (Algarve-Baixo Alentejo-Andalucía Euroregion). For this transboundary basin, a description and evaluation of hydrological drought events was made using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) with monthly precipitation time series of Spanish and Portuguese climatic stations in the study area. The results showed the occurrence of global cycles of about 25–30 years with predominance of moderate and severe drought events. It was observed that the current requirements of ecological flows in strategic water bodies were not satisfied in some months of October to April of years characterized by severe drought events occurring in the period from 1946 to 2015. Therefore, the characterization of the ecological status of the temporary streams that were predominant in this basin should be a priority in the next hydrologic plans in order to identify the relationships between actual flow regimes and habitat attributes, thereby improving environmental flows assessments, which will enable integrated water resource management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Hydrological Extremes: Floods and Droughts)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3361 KiB  
Article
Estimation of Annual Maximum and Minimum Flow Trends in a Data-Scarce Basin. Case Study of the Allipén River Watershed, Chile
by Yelena Medina and Enrique Muñoz
Water 2020, 12(1), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010162 - 05 Jan 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2610
Abstract
Data on historical extreme events provides information not only for water resources planning and management but also for the design of disaster-prevention measures. However, most basins around the globe lack long-term hydro-meteorological information to derive the trend of hydrological extremes. This study aims [...] Read more.
Data on historical extreme events provides information not only for water resources planning and management but also for the design of disaster-prevention measures. However, most basins around the globe lack long-term hydro-meteorological information to derive the trend of hydrological extremes. This study aims to investigate a method to estimate maximum and minimum flow trends in basins with limited streamflow records. To carry out this study, data from the Allipén River watershed (Chile), the Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) hydrological model at a daily time step, and an uncertainty analysis were used. Through a calibration using only five years of records, 21-year mean daily flow series were generated and the extreme values derived. To analyze the effect of the length of data availability, 2, 5, and 10 years of flows were eliminated from the analyses. The results show that in the case of 11 years of simulated flows, the annual maximum and minimum flow trends present greater uncertainty than in the cases of 16 and 19 years of simulated flows. Simulating 16 years, however, proved to properly simulate the observed long-term trends. Therefore, in data-scarce areas, the use of a hydrological model to simulate extreme mean daily flows and estimate long-term trends with at least 16 years of meteorological data could be a valid option. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Hydrological Extremes: Floods and Droughts)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 534 KiB  
Article
Successful Small-Scale Household Relocation after a Millennial Flood Event in Simbach, Germany 2016
by Barbara Mayr, Thomas Thaler and Johannes Hübl
Water 2020, 12(1), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010156 - 04 Jan 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3168
Abstract
International and national laws promote stakeholder collaboration and the inclusion of the community in flood risk management (FRM). Currently, relocation as a mitigation strategy against river floods in Central Europe is rarely applied. FRM needs sufficient preparation and engagement for successful implementation of [...] Read more.
International and national laws promote stakeholder collaboration and the inclusion of the community in flood risk management (FRM). Currently, relocation as a mitigation strategy against river floods in Central Europe is rarely applied. FRM needs sufficient preparation and engagement for successful implementation of household relocation. This case study deals with the extreme flood event in June 2016 at the Simbach torrent in Bavaria (Germany). The focus lies on the planning process of structural flood defense measures and the small-scale relocation of 11 households. The adaptive planning process started right after the damaging event and was executed in collaboration with authorities and stakeholders of various levels and disciplines while at the same time including the local citizens. Residents were informed early, and personal communication, as well as trust in actors, enhanced the acceptance of decisions. Although technical knowledge was shared and concerns discussed, resident participation in the planning process was restricted. However, the given pre-conditions were found beneficial. In addition, a compensation payment contributed to a successful process. Thus, the study illustrates a positive image of the implementation of the alleviation scheme. Furthermore, preliminary planning activities and precautionary behavior (e.g., natural hazard insurance) were noted as significant factors to enable effective integrated flood risk management (IFRM). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Hydrological Extremes: Floods and Droughts)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 845 KiB  
Article
Discourse of Flood Management Approaches and Policies in Bangladesh: Mapping the Changes, Drivers, and Actors
by C. Emdad Haque, M. Abul Kalam Azad and Mahed-Ul-Islam Choudhury
Water 2019, 11(12), 2654; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122654 - 16 Dec 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6290
Abstract
The fundamental processes of policy shifts emphasize how policy problems emerge and how policy decisions are made to overcome previous shortcomings. In Bangladesh, flood management policies may also have been driven by policy failures and flood-disaster events. In this context, we examined how [...] Read more.
The fundamental processes of policy shifts emphasize how policy problems emerge and how policy decisions are made to overcome previous shortcomings. In Bangladesh, flood management policies may also have been driven by policy failures and flood-disaster events. In this context, we examined how policy shifts occurred in the country from 1947 to 2019 in areas of water management and flood prevention, control, and risk mitigation. To understand the nature of these policy shifts, we examined the evolutionary processes of flood management policies, the associated drivers, and the roles of key actors. Our findings reveal that policy transitions were influenced primarily by the predominance of the structural intervention paradigm and by catastrophic flood events. Such transitions were nonlinear due to multiple interest groups who functioned as contributors to, as well as barriers against, flood prevention policies. Policy debates over environmental concerns helped bring about a shift from a primary focus on structural intervention to a mixed approach incorporating various nonstructural interventions. Furthermore, our results suggest that the shifts in flood management policies have resulted in some degree of reliance on a “people-centered” approach rather than solely an “engineering coalition”, which emphasizes the pivotal role of community members in decision making and the implementation of flood policies and programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Hydrological Extremes: Floods and Droughts)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4472 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Inhomogeneous Effect of Different Meteorological Trends on Drought: An Example from Continental Croatia
by Lidija Tadić, Tamara Brleković, Andreja Hajdinger and Save Španja
Water 2019, 11(12), 2625; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122625 - 12 Dec 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2367
Abstract
The majority of central Europe has a transitional climate type as a result of interactions between maritime and continental climates. This study focuses on the appearance and severity of drought in continental Croatia, which is part of the transitional climate area. It is [...] Read more.
The majority of central Europe has a transitional climate type as a result of interactions between maritime and continental climates. This study focuses on the appearance and severity of drought in continental Croatia, which is part of the transitional climate area. It is situated between 15° E and 19° E. The altitude declines from west (167 m a.s.l) to east (88 m a.s.l.). The time period analysed is 1981–2018. Air temperature and precipitation data series from 13 meteorological stations were analysed. The analysis was done on an annual basis to define the spatio-temporal variability in air temperature and precipitation and their impact on drought episodes using the standardised evapotranspiration precipitation index. Different statistical methods (e.g., the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test and agglomerative hierarchical clustering) were used to examine the trend homogeneity of the analysed region. The analysis indicated inhomogeneity across the study area in terms of what significantly impacted the occurrence and severity of droughts. Drought occurrence is influenced more strongly by increasing trends in air temperature as compared with increasing or decreasing precipitation trends. The probability of severe drought occurrence was estimated using a copula function, and the results demonstrated that areas with higher precipitation could be more exposed to drought. Furthermore, the results demonstrated the impacts of specific regional characteristics on drought occurrence, severity, and duration, which indicates that small-scale research on droughts is more reliable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Hydrological Extremes: Floods and Droughts)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 1502 KiB  
Article
Jointly Modeling Drought Characteristics with Smoothed Regionalized SPI Series for a Small Island
by Luis Angel Espinosa, Maria Manuela Portela, João Dehon Pontes Filho, Ticiana Marinho de Carvalho Studart, João Filipe Santos and Rui Rodrigues
Water 2019, 11(12), 2489; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122489 - 26 Nov 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3606
Abstract
The paper refers to a study on droughts in a small Portuguese Atlantic island, namely Madeira. The study aimed at addressing the problem of dependent drought events and at developing a copula-based bivariate cumulative distribution function for coupling drought duration and magnitude. The [...] Read more.
The paper refers to a study on droughts in a small Portuguese Atlantic island, namely Madeira. The study aimed at addressing the problem of dependent drought events and at developing a copula-based bivariate cumulative distribution function for coupling drought duration and magnitude. The droughts were identified based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) computed at three and six-month timescales at 41 rain gauges distributed over the island and with rainfall data from January 1937 to December 2016. To remove the spurious and short duration-dependent droughts a moving average filter (MA) was used. The run theory was applied to the smoothed SPI series to extract the drought duration, magnitude, and interarrival time for each drought category. The smoothed series were also used to identify homogeneous regions based on principal components analysis (PCA). The study showed that MA is necessary for an improved probabilistic interpretation of drought analysis in Madeira. It also showed that despite the small area of the island, three distinct regions with different drought temporal patterns can be identified. The copulas approach proved that the return period of droughts events can differ significantly depending on the way the relationship between drought duration and magnitude is accounted for. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Hydrological Extremes: Floods and Droughts)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 8063 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Flood Inundation in a Small-Scale Coastal Urban Area Due to Intense Rainfall and Poor Inner Drainage
by Kwang-Ik Son and Woochang Jeong
Water 2019, 11(11), 2269; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112269 - 29 Oct 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3246
Abstract
This study presents the numerical simulation and analysis of the characteristics of the flood inundation in a small-scale coastal urban area due to the intense rainfall and poor inner drainage from the tidal level rise occurring during a typhoon. The employed numerical model [...] Read more.
This study presents the numerical simulation and analysis of the characteristics of the flood inundation in a small-scale coastal urban area due to the intense rainfall and poor inner drainage from the tidal level rise occurring during a typhoon. The employed numerical model is a two-dimensional finite volume model with a well-balanced HLLC (Harten–Lax–Van Leer contact) scheme. The target area is a coastal urban area downstream of the Gohyun river; which is located in Geoje City of Kyungsangnam Province, Korea. This area was significantly damaged by flood inundation due to the heavy rainfall and significant increase in the tidal level during Typhoon “Maemi”, which occurred in September 2003. The numerical model used in this study is verified using the flood inundation traces observed in the selected urban area. Moreover; the characteristics of the flood inundation based on the change in the river inflow due to the increase or decrease in the intensity of the possible heavy rainfall that may occur in the future are simulated and analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Hydrological Extremes: Floods and Droughts)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2309 KiB  
Article
A Continuous Drought Probability Monitoring System, CDPMS, Based on Copulas
by João Dehon Pontes Filho, Maria Manuela Portela, Ticiana Marinho de Carvalho Studart and Francisco de Assis Souza Filho
Water 2019, 11(9), 1925; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091925 - 14 Sep 2019
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3295
Abstract
The standardized precipitation index (SPI), is one of the most used drought indices. However, it is difficult to use to monitor the ongoing drought characteristics because it cannot be expeditiously related to precipitation deficits. It also does not provide information regarding the drought [...] Read more.
The standardized precipitation index (SPI), is one of the most used drought indices. However, it is difficult to use to monitor the ongoing drought characteristics because it cannot be expeditiously related to precipitation deficits. It also does not provide information regarding the drought probability nor the temporal evolution of the droughts. By assigning the SPI to drought-triggering precipitation thresholds, a copula-based continuous drought probability monitoring system (CDPMS), was developed aiming to monitor the probability of having a drought as the rainy season advances. In fact, in climates with very pronounced rainy seasonality, the absence of precipitation during the rainy season is the fundamental cause of droughts. After presenting the CDPMS, we describe its application to Mainland Portugal and demonstrate that the system has an increased capability of anticipating drought probability by the end of the rainy season as new precipitation records are collected. The good performance of the system results from the ability of the copula to model complex dependence structures as those existing between precipitations at different time intervals. CDPMS is an innovative and user-friendly tool to monitor precipitation and, consequently, the drought probability, allowing the user to anticipate mitigation and adaptation measures, or even to issue alerts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Hydrological Extremes: Floods and Droughts)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 5656 KiB  
Article
Dependence Between Extreme Rainfall Events and the Seasonality and Bivariate Properties of Floods. A Continuous Distributed Physically-Based Approach
by Ivan Gabriel-Martin, Alvaro Sordo-Ward, Luis Garrote and Juan T. García
Water 2019, 11(9), 1896; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091896 - 11 Sep 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3090
Abstract
This paper focuses on proposing the minimum number of storms necessary to derive the extreme flood hydrographs accurately through event-based modelling. To do so, we analyzed the results obtained by coupling a continuous stochastic weather generator (the Advanced WEather GENerator) with a continuous [...] Read more.
This paper focuses on proposing the minimum number of storms necessary to derive the extreme flood hydrographs accurately through event-based modelling. To do so, we analyzed the results obtained by coupling a continuous stochastic weather generator (the Advanced WEather GENerator) with a continuous distributed physically-based hydrological model (the TIN-based real-time integrated basin simulator), and by simulating 5000 years of hourly flow at the basin outlet. We modelled the outflows in a basin named Peacheater Creek located in Oklahoma, USA. Afterwards, we separated the independent rainfall events within the 5000 years of hourly weather forcing, and obtained the flood event associated to each storm from the continuous hourly flow. We ranked all the rainfall events within each year according to three criteria: Total depth, maximum intensity, and total duration. Finally, we compared the flood events obtained from the continuous simulation to those considering the N highest storm events per year according to the three criteria and by focusing on four different aspects: Magnitude and recurrence of the maximum annual peak-flow and volume, seasonality of floods, dependence among maximum peak-flows and volumes, and bivariate return periods. The main results are: (a) Considering the five largest total depth storms per year generates the maximum annual peak-flow and volume, with a probability of 94% and 99%, respectively and, for return periods higher than 50 years, the probability increases to 99% in both cases; (b) considering the five largest total depth storms per year the seasonality of flood is reproduced with an error of less than 4% and (c) bivariate properties between the peak-flow and volume are preserved, with an error on the estimation of the copula fitted of less than 2%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Hydrological Extremes: Floods and Droughts)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2729 KiB  
Article
Deriving Design Flood Hydrographs Based on Copula Function: A Case Study in Pakistan
by Muhammad Rizwan, Shenglian Guo, Jiabo Yin and Feng Xiong
Water 2019, 11(8), 1531; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081531 - 24 Jul 2019
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3495
Abstract
Flood events are characterized by flood peaks and volumes that can be mutually constructed using a copula function. The Indus basin system of Pakistan is periodically threatened by floods during monsoon seasons and thus causes huge losses to infrastructure as well as the [...] Read more.
Flood events are characterized by flood peaks and volumes that can be mutually constructed using a copula function. The Indus basin system of Pakistan is periodically threatened by floods during monsoon seasons and thus causes huge losses to infrastructure as well as the community and economy. The design flood hydrograph (DFH) of suitable magnitude and degree is imperative for sheltering dams against the flood risk. The hydrological pair of flood peak and volume is required to be defined using a multivariate analysis method. In this paper, the joint probability function of the hydrological pair is employed to derive the DFH in the Indus basin system of Pakistan. Firstly, we compared the fitting performance of different probability distributions (PDs) as a marginal distribution. Next, we compared the Archimedean family of copulas to construct the bivariate joint distribution of flood peak and volume. Later, the equal frequency combination (EFC) method and most likely combination (MLC) method using “OR” joint return period (JRPor), was involved to derive the design flood quantiles. Finally, we derived the DFH using the two combination methods based on Gumbel–Hougaard copula for different return periods. We presented the combination methods for updating the shape of the DFH in Pakistan. Our study will contribute towards the improvement of design standards of dams and environmental recovery in Pakistan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Hydrological Extremes: Floods and Droughts)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-12
Back to TopTop