Does Crop Rotation Enhance Groundwater Health? A Review of the Winter Wheat Fallow Policy in the North China Plain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Data
3.2. Land-Cover Classification
3.3. Evapotranspiration Calculation
3.4. Geographically Weighted Regression
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Land-Cover Classification
4.2. Evaluation of Water Consumption under Land Cover Change
4.3. Land Cover Change, ET and Precipitation Impacts on Groundwater Depth
5. Conclusions and Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kc/Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winter wheat | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.57 | 1.23 | 1.42 | 0.72 | 0.6 | 0.82 | 0.86 | |||
Summer maize | 0.65 | 0.84 | 0.94 | 1.34 | ||||||||
Spring maize | 0.45 | 0.70 | 1.40 | 1.15 | 0.65 | 0.35 | ||||||
cotton | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.53 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 1.28 | 0.78 |
Year | Type | Reference Data | Overall Accuracy | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat | Spring Maize | Cotton | Column Total | Row Total | UA | PA | ||||
2013 | Wheat | 41 | 8 | 2 | 42 | 51 | 80.39% | 97.62% | ||
Spring Maize | 1 | 15 | 0 | 25 | 16 | 93.75% | 60.00% | OA= | 85.56% | |
Cotton | 0 | 2 | 21 | 23 | 23 | 91.30% | 91.30% | KC= | 0.77 | |
2015 | Wheat | 36 | 0 | 1 | 39 | 37 | 97.30% | 92.31% | ||
Spring Maize | 1 | 18 | 5 | 25 | 24 | 75.00% | 72.00% | OA= | 82.22% | |
Cotton | 2 | 7 | 20 | 26 | 29 | 68.97% | 76.92% | KC= | 0.73 |
Land Type | 2013 | 2015 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Area (ha) and Percentage of Each Land Cover | ||||
Winter Wheat/Summer maize | 314,053.86 | 35.71% | 289,986.06 | 32.98% |
Cotton | 118,291.71 | 13.45% | 112,804.76 | 12.83% |
Spring maize | 23,717.80 | 2.70% | 37,595.17 | 4.28% |
Other crops | 250,475.49 | 28.48% | 260,080.90 | 29.58% |
No-cultivated land | 172,837.52 | 19.65% | 178,909.49 | 20.35% |
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Lei, M.; Zhang, Y.; Dang, Y.; Kong, X.; Yao, J. Does Crop Rotation Enhance Groundwater Health? A Review of the Winter Wheat Fallow Policy in the North China Plain. Water 2019, 11, 2416. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112416
Lei M, Zhang Y, Dang Y, Kong X, Yao J. Does Crop Rotation Enhance Groundwater Health? A Review of the Winter Wheat Fallow Policy in the North China Plain. Water. 2019; 11(11):2416. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112416
Chicago/Turabian StyleLei, Ming, Yuqian Zhang, Yuxuan Dang, Xiangbin Kong, and Jingtao Yao. 2019. "Does Crop Rotation Enhance Groundwater Health? A Review of the Winter Wheat Fallow Policy in the North China Plain" Water 11, no. 11: 2416. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112416