Environmentally Sensitive Elements in Groundwater of an Industrial Town in India: Spatial Distribution and Human Health Risk
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area Description
2.2. Hydrogeology
2.3. Collection of Samples and Analysis
2.4. Reagents, Standards, and Quality Assurance
2.5. Statistics and GIS Analysis
2.6. Evaluation of Groundwater Quality by Indexing Approach
2.6.1. HPI
2.6.2. MI
2.7. Human Health Risk Assessment
2.7.1. Noncarcinogenic Risk Assessment
2.7.2. Carcinogenic Risk Assessment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Environmentally Sensitive Elements in Groundwater
3.2. Pearson’s Inter-ESE Correlation
3.3. HPI and MI
3.4. Health Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ESEs (mg/L) | # BIS10500: 2012 Limit (mg/L) | Premonsoon | Postmonsoon | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Mean ± SD | No. of Samples above Limit | Range | Mean ± SD | No. of Samples above Limit | ||
Al | 0.2 *; 0.03 ** | ND–0.847 | 0.255 ± 0.172 | 57 *;94 ** | 0.014–1.186 | 0.346 ± 0.262 | 62 *;94 ** |
Astotal | 0.05 *; 0.01 ** | ND–0.021 | 0.0036 ± 0.004 | 0 *; 15 * | ND–0.020 | 0.0044 ± 0.0051 | 0 *;14 ** |
Crtotal | 0.05 * | ND–0.078 | 0.021 ± 0.018 | 6 * | ND–0.158 | 0.033 ± 0.031 | 25 * |
Fe | 0.3 * | 0.004–0.942 | 0.281 ± 0.143 | 38 * | 0.120–1.010 | 0.321 ± 0.151 | 45 * |
Hg | 0.001 * | ND–0.004 | 0.0007 ± 0.0005 | 2 * | ND–0.005 | 0.00013 ± 0.0007 | 3 * |
Ni | 0.02 * | ND–0.786 | 0.155 ± 0.171 | 72 * | ND–1.272 | 0.204 ± 0.226 | 79 * |
Pb | 0.010 * | ND–0.435 | 0.070 ± 0.072 | 88 * | ND–0.656 | 0.098 ± 0.106 | 91 * |
Se | 0.010 * | ND–0.052 | 0.011 ± 0.010 | 31 * | ND–0.040 | 0.010 ± 0.008 | 39 * |
ESEs | Al | As | Cr | Fe | Hg | Ni | Pb | Se |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | 1 | 0.147 | 0.120 | 0.243 * | 0.077 | 0.139 | 0.130 | 0.358 ** |
As | 1 | 0.192 | 0.224 * | 0.103 | 0.264 ** | 0.143 | 0.229 * | |
Cr | 1 | 0.076 | 0.097 | 0.207 * | 0.242 * | 0.178 | ||
Fe | 1 | 0.122 | 0.362 ** | 0.227 * | 0.207 * | |||
Hg | 1 | 0.152 | 0.198 * | 0.158 | ||||
Ni | 1 | 0.301 ** | 0.340 ** | |||||
Pb | 1 | 0.282 ** | ||||||
Se | 1 |
ESEs | Al | As | Cr | Fe | Hg | Ni | Pb | Se |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | 1 | 0.112 | 0.193 | 0.055 | 0.060 | 0.113 | 0.100 | 0.365 ** |
As | 1 | 0.169 | 0.061 | 0.121 | 0.197 | 0.147 | 0.271 ** | |
Cr | 1 | 0.096 | 0.246 * | 0.060 | 0.145 | 0.214 * | ||
Fe | 1 | 0.103 | 0.328 ** | 0.309 ** | 0.228 * | |||
Hg | 1 | −0.066 | 0.005 | 0.163 | ||||
Ni | 1 | 0.417 ** | 0.374 ** | |||||
Pb | 1 | 0.282 ** | ||||||
Se | 1 |
No. of Groundwater Samples | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Index | Classification | Premonsoon | Postmonsoon | % Premonsoon | % Postmonsoon |
HPI | <25: Excellent | 15 | 10 | 15.1% | 10.1% |
26–50: Good | 15 | 7 | 15.1% | 7.1% | |
51–75: Poor | 16 | 21 | 16.2% | 21.2% | |
76–100: Very poor | 18 | 9 | 18.2% | 9.1% | |
>100: Unsuitable for drinking | 35 | 52 | 35.4% | 52.5% | |
MI | <0.3: Very pure | 5 | 2 | 5.1% | 2% |
0.3–1: Pure | 15 | 11 | 15.1% | 11.1% | |
1–2: Slightly affected | 32 | 27 | 32.3% | 27.2% | |
2–4: Moderately affected | 31 | 36 | 31.3% | 36.4% | |
4–6: Strongly affected | 11 | 12 | 11.1% | 12.1% | |
>6: Seriously affected | 5 | 11 | 5.1% | 11.1% |
Metals | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | As | Cr | Fe | Hg | Ni | Pb | Se | |||
Children a | HQingestion | Range | 0–5.59 × 10−2 | 0–4.62 | 0–1.72 | 0–8.88 × 10−2 | 0–8.80 × 10−1 | 0–2.59 | 0–8.20 | 0–6.86 × 10−2 |
Mean | 1.68 × 10−2 | 7.91 × 10−1 | 4.62 × 10−1 | 2.65 × 10−2 | 1.56 × 10−2 | 5.13 × 10−1 | 1.32 | 1.53 × 10−1 | ||
HQdermal | Range | 0–3.73 × 10−4 | 0–3.08 × 10−2 | 0–8.80 × 10−1 | 0–5.92 × 10−4 | 0–8.38 × 10−2 | 0–8.65 × 10−2 | 0–5.47 × 10−3 | 0–4.58 × 10−3 | |
Mean | 1.12 × 10−4 | 5.27 × 10−3 | 2.37 × 10−1 | 1.77 × 10−4 | 1.48 × 10−3 | 1.71 × 10−2 | 8.82 × 10−4 | 1.02 × 10−3 | ||
Adult a | HQingestion | Range | 0–2.80 × 10−2 | 0–2.31 | 0–8.58 × 10−1 | 0–4.44 × 10−2 | 0–4.40 × 10−1 | 0–1.30 | 0–4.10 | 0–3.43 × 10−1 |
Mean | 8.42 × 10−3 | 3.96 × 10−1 | 2.31 × 10−1 | 1.32 × 10−2 | 7.78 × 10−3 | 2.57 × 10−1 | 6.62 × 10−1 | 7.64 × 10−2 | ||
HQdermal | Range | 0–1.47 × 10−4 | 0–1.22 × 10−2 | 0–3.48 × 10−1 | 0–2.34 × 10−4 | 0–3.31 × 10−2 | 0–3.42 × 10−2 | 0–2.16 × 10−3 | 0–1.81 × 10−3 | |
Mean | 4.44 × 10−5 | 2.09 × 10−3 | 9.38 × 10−2 | 6.98 × 10−5 | 5.86 × 10−4 | 6.77 × 10−3 | 3.49 × 10−4 | 4.03 × 10−4 | ||
Children b | HQingestion | Range | 0–7.83 × 10−2 | 0–4.40 | 0–3.48 | 0–9.52 × 10−2 | 0–1.10 | 0–4.20 | 0–1.24 × 10−1 | 0–5.28 × 10−1 |
Mean | 2.29 × 10−2 | 9.73 × 10−1 | 7.46 × 10−1 | 3.03 × 10−2 | 2.89 × 10−2 | 6.74 × 10−1 | 1.87 | 1.39 × 10−1 | ||
HQdermal | Range | 0–5.22 × 10−4 | 0–2.93 × 10−2 | 0–1.78 | 0–6.35 × 10−4 | 0–1.05 × 10−1 | 0–1.40 × 10−1 | 0–1.58 × 10−2 | 0–3.52 × 10−3 | |
Mean | 1.53 × 10−4 | 6.49 × 10−3 | 3.83 × 10−1 | 2.02 × 10−4 | 2.75 × 10−3 | 2.28 × 10−2 | 1.30 × 10−3 | 9.26 × 10−4 | ||
Adult b | HQingestion | Range | 0–3.91 × 10−2 | 0–2.20 | 0–1.74 | 0–4.76 × 10−2 | 0–5.50 × 10−1 | 0–2.10 | 0-6.19 | 0–2.64 × 10−1 |
Mean | 1.14 × 10−2 | 4.87 × 10−1 | 3.73 × 10−1 | 1.52 × 10−2 | 1.44 × 10−2 | 3.37 × 10−1 | 9.33 × 10−1 | 6.95 × 10−2 | ||
HQdermal | Range | 0–2.06 × 10−4 | 0–1.16 × 10−2 | 0–7.05 × 10−1 | 0–2.51 × 10−4 | 0–5.80 × 10−2 | 0–5.53 × 10−2 | 0–3.26 × 10−3 | 0–1.39 × 10−3 | |
Mean | 6.03 × 10−5 | 2.57 × 10−3 | 1.51 × 10−1 | 8.00 × 10−5 | 1.26 × 10−3 | 8.88 × 10−3 | 5.14 × 10−4 | 3.66 × 10−4 |
Total Health Risk | Category | Calculated Mean |
---|---|---|
HItotal (Premonsoon) | Children | 3.57 |
Adult | 1.76 | |
HItotal (Postmonsoon) | Children | 4.90 |
Adult | 2.41 | |
Rtotal(Premonsoon) | Children | 8.87 × 10−4 |
Adult | 4.43 × 10−4 | |
Rtotal (Postmonsoon) | Children | 1.37 × 10−3 |
Adult | 6.85 × 10−4 |
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Singh, D.D.; Thind, P.S.; Sharma, M.; Sahoo, S.; John, S. Environmentally Sensitive Elements in Groundwater of an Industrial Town in India: Spatial Distribution and Human Health Risk. Water 2019, 11, 2350. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112350
Singh DD, Thind PS, Sharma M, Sahoo S, John S. Environmentally Sensitive Elements in Groundwater of an Industrial Town in India: Spatial Distribution and Human Health Risk. Water. 2019; 11(11):2350. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112350
Chicago/Turabian StyleSingh, Dapinder Deep, Parteek Singh Thind, Mukta Sharma, Sashikanta Sahoo, and Siby John. 2019. "Environmentally Sensitive Elements in Groundwater of an Industrial Town in India: Spatial Distribution and Human Health Risk" Water 11, no. 11: 2350. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112350