Enhanced Coagulation with Mn(III) Pre-Oxidation for Treatment of Micro-Polluted Raw Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Simulated Water
2.2. Chemicals
2.3. Coagulation Method for Simulating Waterworks Treatment Process
2.4. Analysis
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Mn(III) Pre-Oxidation Enhanced Coagulation and Sedimentation Process to Remove the Conventional Pollutants
3.2. Removal of Emerging Micro-Pollutants by Mn(III)+C/S
3.2.1. Emerging Organic Pollutants
3.2.2. Nanoparticle Contaminant
3.3. Residual Mn in Treated Water
3.4. Floc Characteristics
Dynamic Analysis of Floc Size in the Coagulation Process
3.5. Acute Bio-Toxicity Evaluation
4. Conclusions
- Mn(III) shows a stronger oxidation power than PM and hypochlorite at a neutral pH.
- Disproportionation reaction of Mn(III) resulted in-situ formation of MnO2 which could adsorb pollutants and then co-precipitate.
- Mn(III) oxidation decreased electrostatic repulsion between the colloids and in-situ formed MnO2 acted as the flocculation core, which made the flocs grow fast.
- In-situ formed MnO2 incorporated into the hydrolysate of Fe3+, to generate compact and easy settleable flocs.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
- Chu, H.; Cao, D.; Dong, B.; Qiang, Z. Bio-diatomite dynamic membrane reactor for micro-polluted surface water treatment. Water Res. 2010, 44, 1573–1579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, M.; Wang, D.; Qu, J.; Ni, J.; Chow, C. Enhanced coagulation for high alkalinity and micro-polluted water: The third way through coagulant optimization. Water Res. 2008, 42, 2278–2286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, Z.; Dong, B. Study on coagulation/UF process for treatment of micropolluted raw water. Water Purif. Technol. 2005, 6, 4–6. [Google Scholar]
- Lu, S.; Yang, L.; Chen, Y.; Liu, Z. High-rate UBAF for pretreatment of micro-polluted raw water. Chin. Water Wastewater 2009, 18, 65–70. [Google Scholar]
- Pan, L. Progress of treatment technology of water from micro-polluted water sources in China. Ind. Water Treat. 2006, 26, 6–10. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, W.; Liang, Y. Use of ferrate pre-oxidation in enhancing the treatment of NOM-rich lake waters. Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply 2004, 4, 121–128. [Google Scholar]
- Schneider, O.D.; Tobiason, J.E. Preozonation effects on coagulation. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 2000, 92, 74–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sedlak, D.L.; Von Gunten, U. The chlorine dilemma. Science 2011, 331, 42–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, X.; Huang, J.; Zhang, B.J.; Cui, C.W. Effects of low temperature on coagulation kinetics and floc surface morphology using alum. Desalination 2009, 237, 201–213. [Google Scholar]
- Aguilar, M.I.; Sáez, J.; Lloréns, M.; Soler, A.; Ortuño, J.F.; Meseguer, V.; Fuentes, A. Improvement of coagulation–flocculation process using anionic polyacrylamide as coagulant aid. Chemosphere 2005, 58, 47–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singer, P.C.; Bilyk, K. Enhanced coagulation using a magnetic ion exchange resin. Water Res. 2002, 36, 4009–4022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Song, S.; Lopez-Valdivieso, A.; Hernandez-Campos, D.; Peng, C.; Monroy-Fernandez, M.; Razo-Soto, I. Arsenic removal from high-arsenic water by enhanced coagulation with ferric ions and coarse calcite. Water Res. 2006, 40, 364–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mishra, S.; Mukul, A.; Sen, G.; Jha, U. Microwave assisted synthesis of polyacrylamide grafted starch (St-g-PAM) and its applicability as flocculant for water treatment. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2011, 48, 106–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yan, M.; Wang, D.; You, S.; Qu, J.; Tang, H. Enhanced coagulation in a typical North-China water treatment plant. Water Res. 2006, 40, 3621–3627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Y.; Chen, F.; Li, Y.; Zhang, C. Experimental research of micro-chemical oxidation treatment of high iron and manganese contaminated groundwater. J. Shenyang Jianzhu Univ. 2012, 28, 1098–1102. [Google Scholar]
- Lu, J.; Zhang, T.; Ma, J.; Chen, Z.; Wang, Q.; Shen, J. Aldehydes, ketones and ketoacids produced during ozonation of NOM fractions isolated from filtrated water. Environ. Sci. 2007, 28, 1268–1273. [Google Scholar]
- Deborde, M.; Von Gunten, U. Reactions of chlorine with inorganic and organic compounds during water treatment—kinetics and mechanisms: A critical review. Water Res. 2008, 42, 13–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodriguez, E.; Onstad, G.D.; Kull, T.P.; Metcalf, J.S.; Acero, J.L.; Von Gunten, U. Oxidative elimination of cyanotoxins: Comparison of ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide and permanganate. Water Res. 2007, 41, 3381–3393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bruchet, A.; Duguet, J.P. Role of oxidants and disinfectants on the removal, masking and generation of tastes and odors. Water Sci. Technol. 2004, 49, 297–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gordon, G.; Rosenblatt, A.A. Chlorine dioxide: The current state of the art. Ozone Sci. Eng. 2005, 27, 203–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, V.K.; Sohn, M. Reactivity of chlorine dioxide with amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2012, 10, 255–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walker, G.S.; Lee, F.P.; Aieta, E.M. Chlorine dioxide for taste and odor control. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 1986, 78, 84–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Finch, G.; Liyanage, L.; Belosevic, M. Effect of Chlorine Dioxide on Cryptosporidium and Giardia. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Chlorine Dioxide: Drinking Water, Process Water and Wastewater Issues, New Orleans, LA, USA, 14–15 September 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Eskicioglu, C.; Prorot, A.; Marin, J.; Droste, R.L.; Kennedy, K.J. Synergetic pretreatment of sewage sludge by microwave irradiation in presence of H2O2 for enhanced anaerobic digestion. Water Res. 2008, 42, 4674–4682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ma, J.; Li, G.; Chen, Z.; Xu, G.; Cai, G. Enhanced coagulation of surface waters with high organic content by permanganate peroxidation. Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply 2001, 1, 51–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weber, W.J.; Borchardt, J.A. Physicochemical Processes for Water Quality Control; Wiley-Interscience: New York, NY, USA, 1972. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, B.; Guan, X.; Fang, J.; Tratnyek, P.G. Activation of manganese oxidants with bisulfite for enhanced oxidation of organic contaminants: The involvement of Mn (III). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 12414–12421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, Y.; Wang, J.; Wu, Z. Enhancing coagulation performance of nascent state manganese dioxide to remove humic acid. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 38, 27–31. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, L. Enhanced Remove of Organic Contaminants from Water by Manganese Dioxide Formed in Situ. Ph.D. Thesis, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Gao, M. Research on Characteristics of Newly Formed Manganese Dioxide Floc Size Distribution and Its Effect of Enhanced Coagulation. Master’s Thesis, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Li, X.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, M.; Li, X.; Yang, B.; Hua, R.; Liu, Y. Adsorption of U(VI) in aqueous solution using δ-MnO2. J. East China Inst. Technol. 2016, 39, 283–287. [Google Scholar]
- Zhai, Y. Study on Mechanism of Adsorption of Organic/Cd Complex Contaminants by Nano-Hydrated Manganese Dioxide. Master’s Thesis, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Jee, J.E.; Bakac, A. Reactions of Mn (II) and Mn (III) with alkyl, peroxyalkyl, and peroxyacyl radicals in water and acetic acid. J. Phys. Chem. A 2010, 114, 2136–2141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davies, S.H.; Morgan, J.J. Manganese (II) oxidation kinetics on metal oxide surfaces. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1989, 129, 63–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lume-Pereira, C.; Baral, S.; Henglein, A.; Janata, E. Chemistry of colloidal manganese dioxide. 1. Mechanism of reduction by an organic radical (a radiation chemical study). J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 5772–5778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davies, G.; Kirschenbaum, L.J.; Kustin, K. Kinetics and stoichiometry of the reaction between manganese (III) and hydrazoic acid in acid perchlorate solution. Inorg. Chem. 1969, 8, 663–669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pick-Kaplan, M.; Rabani, J. Pulse radiolytic studies of aqueous manganese (II) perchlorate solutions. J. Phys. Chem. 1976, 80, 1840–1843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stackelberg, P.E.; Gibs, J.; Furlong, E.T.; Meyer, M.T.; Zaudd, S.D.; Lippincott, R.L. Efficiency of conventional drinking-water-treatment processes in removal of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds. Sci. Total Environ. 2007, 377, 255–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gan, Z.; Hong, H.; Feng, B. Fate of artificial sweeteners in waste water and drinking water treatment processes. Res. Environ. Sci. 2012, 25, 1250–1256. [Google Scholar]
- Atari, L.; Esmaeili, S.; Zahedi, A.; Mohammadi, M.J.; Zahedi, A.; Babaei, A.A. Removal of heavy metals by conventional water treatment plants using poly aluminum chloride. Toxin Rev. 2018, 38, 127–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute. Water Supply and Drainage Design Manual-Urban Water Supply, 2nd ed.; China Architecture & Building Press: Beijing, China, 1986. [Google Scholar]
- Wan, Z.; Wang, J. Fenton-like degradation of sulfamethazine using Fe3O4/Mn3O4 nanocomposite catalyst: Kinetics and catalytic mechanism. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2017, 24, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J.; Qu, R.; Pan, X.; Wang, Z. Oxidative degradation of triclosan by potassium permanganate: Kinetics, degradation products, reaction mechanism, and toxicity evaluation. Water Res. 2016, 103, 215–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, J.; Lloyd, B. Progress in the development and use of ferrate (VI) salt as an oxidant and coagulant for water and wastewater treatment. Water Res. 2002, 36, 1397–1408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, J.; Liu, W.; Zheng, W. The removal mechanisms of fluoride ion by aluminum salt coagulant. Acta Sci. Circum. 2000, 20, 709–713. [Google Scholar]
- Ye, Y.; Jiang, Z.; Xu, Z.; Zhang, X.; Wang, D.; Lv, L.; Pan, B. Efficient removal of Cr(III)-organic complexes from water using UV/Fe(III) system: Negligible Cr(VI) accumulation and mechanism. Water Res. 2017, 126, 172–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petrović, M.; Gonzalez, S.; Barcelo, D. Analysis and removal of emerging contaminants in wastewater and drinking water. TrAC Trend. Anal. Chem. 2003, 22, 685–696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hu, L.; Martin, H.M.; Arce-Bulted, O.; Sugihara, M.N.; Keating, K.A.; Strathmann, T.I. Oxidation of carbamazepine by Mn(VII) and Fe(VI): Reaction kinetics and mechanism. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 509–515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Soufan, M.; Deborde, M.; Delmont, A.; Legube, B. Aqueous chlorination of carbamazepine: Kinetic study and transformation product identification. Water Res. 2013, 47, 5076–5087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yin, K.; Li, F.; Wang, Y.; He, Q.; Deng, Y.; Chen, S.; Liu, C. Oxidative transformation of artificial sweetener acesulfame by permanganate: Reaction kinetics, transformation products and pathways, and ecotoxicity. J. Hazard. Mater. 2017, 330, 52–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gao, Y.; Jiang, J.; Zhou, Y.; Pang, S.; Ma, J.; Jiang, C.; Wang, Z.; Wang, P.; Wang, L.; Li, J. Unrecognized role of bisulfite as Mn(III) stabilizing agent in activating permanganate (Mn(VII)) for enhanced degradation of organic contaminants. Chem. Eng. J. 2017, 327, 418–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, Y.; Jiang, J.; Zhou, Y.; Pang, S.; Ma, J.; Jiang, C.; Yang, Y.; Huang, Z.; Gu, J.; Guo, Q.; et al. Chlorination of bisphenol S: Kinetics, products, and effect of humic acid. Water Res. 2018, 131, 208–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, E.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, S.; Wu, J.; Liang, L.; He, F. Role of dissolved Mn(III) in transformation of organic contaminants: Non-oxidative versus oxidative mechanisms. Water Res. 2017, 111, 234–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sousa, V.S.; Corniciuc, C.; Teixeira, M.R. The effect of TiO2 nanoparticles removal on drinking water quality produced by conventional treatment C/F/S. Water Res. 2017, 109, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Surette, M.C.; Nason, J.A. Nanoparticle aggregation in a freshwater river: The role of engineered surface coatings. Environ. Sci. Nano 2019, 6, 540–553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, L.; Xu, J.; Xu, J. Standards of US drinking water quality. Water Purif. Technol. 1995, 1, 27–32. [Google Scholar]
- Ko, W.; Liu, Y.; Lai, J.; Chung, C.; Lin, K. Vertically standing MnO2 nanowalls grown on AgCNT-modified carbon fibers for high-performance supercapacitors. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2018, 7, 669–678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, L.; Liu, R.; Xia, S.; Yang, Y.; Li, G. Enhanced As(III) removal with permanganate oxidation, ferric chloride precipitation and sand filtration as pretreatment of ultrafiltration. Desalination 2009, 243, 122–131. [Google Scholar]
- Weng, W.; Wang, L. Case study on testing emergency water supply by integrated toxicity monitoring system. J. Guangxi Acad. Sci. 2010, 26, 360–362. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, Y.; Yi, H.; Qiu, J.; Chen, S.; Zhang, Z. Testing of toxicity of rain-source river water and industrial wastewater by using luminescent bacteria. Chin. Water Wastewater 2015, 31, 113–116. [Google Scholar]
- Ma, M.; Shang, W.; Wang, Z.; Wang, W.; Zhang, B.; Zhang, S. The toxicity variation of organic extracts in drinking water treatment processes. Environ. Sci. 2001, 22, 49–52. [Google Scholar]
Index | Value | Index | Value |
---|---|---|---|
NO3−-N (mg·L−1) | 0.41 | NH4+-N (mg·L−1) | 0.53 |
HCO3− (mg·L−1) | 25.42 | Pb2+ (mg·L−1) | 0.19 |
Cl− (mg·L−1) | 22.08 | Cr(VI) (mg·L−1) | 0.18 |
Total phosphorus (TP, mg·L−1) | 0.13 | Nano-ZnO (mg·L−1) | 0.10 |
TN (mg·L−1) | 1.16 | CBZ (mg·L−1) | 0.05 |
Ca2+ (mg·L−1) | 9.01 | ACE (mg·L−1) | 0.05 |
UV254 (cm−1) | 0.03 | BPS (mg·L−1) | 0.05 |
pH | 7.6 | Turbidity (NTU) | 100 |
Temperature (°C) | 19.0 | Ionic strength (mol·kg−1) | 1.4 × 10−3 |
Source of Sample | 15 min Light Inhibition Rate |
---|---|
Raw water | −5.78% |
C/S | −0.01% |
KMnO4+C/S | −1.63% |
Cl2+C/S | 42.63% |
Mn(III)+C/S | 12.96% |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Yan, D.; Sun, Z.; Wang, J.; Wang, L.; Pan, R.; Wu, Q.; Liu, X. Enhanced Coagulation with Mn(III) Pre-Oxidation for Treatment of Micro-Polluted Raw Water. Water 2019, 11, 2302. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112302
Yan D, Sun Z, Wang J, Wang L, Pan R, Wu Q, Liu X. Enhanced Coagulation with Mn(III) Pre-Oxidation for Treatment of Micro-Polluted Raw Water. Water. 2019; 11(11):2302. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112302
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan, Dingyun, Zhe Sun, Jiajie Wang, Lili Wang, Ruijun Pan, Qiang Wu, and Xiaowei Liu. 2019. "Enhanced Coagulation with Mn(III) Pre-Oxidation for Treatment of Micro-Polluted Raw Water" Water 11, no. 11: 2302. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112302