Hydrochemical Characteristics, Controlling Factors, and Solute Sources of Streamflow and Groundwater in the Hei River Catchment, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling and Analysis
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. River Hydrochemical Characteristics
3.2. Hydrochemical Facies and Water Quality
4. Discussion
4.1. Factors Controlling Dissolved Solutes
4.1.1. Processes Controlling River Solutes
4.1.2. Stoichiometric Analysis of Streamflow
4.2. Source Contributions of Dissolved Solutes
4.2.1. Atmospheric Inputs
4.2.2. Anthropogenic Inputs
4.2.3. Rock Weathering
4.3. Implications for Water Resource Management
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class | Cl− | SO42− | NO3− | TDS | Suitability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | 50 | 50 | 8.9 | 300 | Drinking, aquiculture |
II | 150 | 150 | 22.1 | 500 | Drinking, aquiculture |
III | 250 | 250 | 88.6 | 1000 | Drinking, aquiculture |
IV | 350 | 350 | 132.9 | 2000 | Industry |
V | 350 | 350 | 132.9 | 2000 | Irrigation |
Year | pH | TDS | Ion Concentration (mg·L−1) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HCO3− | SO42− | Cl− | NO3− | K+ | Na+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | ||||
2014 Dry | Mean | − | 267.0/227.6 | 23.23/39.19 | 98.39/52.78 | 22.97/19.78 | 0.34/3.21 | 2.68/1.51 | 74.87/73.44 | 25.81/23.50 | 26.01/32.82 |
STD | − | 129.5/61 | 5.96/9.46 | 72.30/24.00 | 19.40/12.39 | 0.38/3.58 | 1.28/0.90 | 40.84/28.91 | 9.96/7.58 | 8.50/13.71 | |
2014 Flood | Mean | 8.48/7.65 | 371.0/501.2 | 257.88/385.68 | 81.31/105.74 | 18.03/31.61 | 2.08/3.72 | 2.78/2.34 | 59.90/85.65 | 52.19/56.18 | 29.71/36.23 |
STD | 0.16/0.29 | 97.4/225.0 | 38.92/83.14 | 33.56/100.08 | 11.49/24.83 | 3.46/4.64 | 2.99/2.59 | 43.03/39.07 | 42.44/28.93 | 8.26/13.66 | |
2015 Dry | Mean | 8.57/7.69 | 247.6/351.2 | 129.86/173.46 | 61.39/80.65 | 16.21/29.19 | 6.81/21.33 | 2.22/1.77 | 59.48/84.23 | 41.68/58.98 | 29.93/37.56 |
STD | 0.22/0.34 | 128.0/115.6 | 124.36/126.66 | 28.55/51.33 | 12.01/23.54 | 2.39/28.34 | 2.41/1.43 | 37.44/34.96 | 34.06/36.50 | 9.46/10.35 | |
2015 Flood | Mean | 8.57/7.72 | 263.7/328.2 | 157.04/157.33 | 129.62/50.49 | 19.90/29.27 | 5.91/11.11 | 2.48/1.87 | 65.10/79.59 | 42.65/49.39 | 27.47/32.26 |
STD | 0.24/0.34 | 116.8/125.5 | 108.89/123.01 | 49.61/76.43 | 14.93/28.62 | 2.90/8.97 | 2.06/1.57 | 41.23/39.49 | 31.37/31.84 | 7.60/11.78 | |
XX/XX indicates the values for the streamflow/groundwater. |
Season | Silicate Weathering | Carbonate Weathering | Evaporite Dissolution | Atmospheric Input | Anthropogenic Input |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry Season | 47.6 ± 5.7 | 32.7 ± 7.4 | 10.9 ± 1.6 | 7.0 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.1 |
Flood Season | 42.6 ± 0.4 | 35.6 ± 0.8 | 16.5 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.2 |
All | 45.1 ± 1.1 | 34.1 ± 1.6 | 13.7 ± 2.4 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 |
Time | SO42− | NO3− | Cl− | Na+ | K+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | pH | EC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
μmol L−1 | mS·m−1 | |||||||||
2014 | Flood season | 145.0 | 116.8 | 22.4 | 143.4 | 10.6 | 129.1 | 19.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 |
Dry season | 201.3 | 246.9 | 37.5 | 57.0 | 15.5 | 101.0 | 22.2 | 6.9 | 1.0 | |
2015 | Flood season | 53.2 | 13.3 | 19.9 | 113.9 | 15.5 | 134.9 | 29.6 | 7.0 | 3.8 |
Dry season | 34.5 | 6.4 | 20.8 | 60.5 | 35.1 | 57.3 | 7.2 | 7.0 | 2.2 |
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Kou, Y.; Li, Z.; Hua, K.; Li, Z. Hydrochemical Characteristics, Controlling Factors, and Solute Sources of Streamflow and Groundwater in the Hei River Catchment, China. Water 2019, 11, 2293. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112293
Kou Y, Li Z, Hua K, Li Z. Hydrochemical Characteristics, Controlling Factors, and Solute Sources of Streamflow and Groundwater in the Hei River Catchment, China. Water. 2019; 11(11):2293. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112293
Chicago/Turabian StyleKou, Yongchao, Zhou Li, Kun Hua, and Zhi Li. 2019. "Hydrochemical Characteristics, Controlling Factors, and Solute Sources of Streamflow and Groundwater in the Hei River Catchment, China" Water 11, no. 11: 2293. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112293