Anthropogenic Effects on Hydrogeochemical Characterization of the Shallow Groundwater in an Arid Irrigated Plain in Northwestern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection and Analytical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical Characteristics and Groundwater Quality
3.2. Correlation of Groundwater Parameters
3.3. Natural Mechanisms Controlling Groundwater Chemistry
3.3.1. Gibbs Plots
3.3.2. Saturation Index
3.3.3. Ionic Ratios
3.4. Pollutant Identification
3.4.1. Correspondence Analysis
3.4.2. Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Typical Pollutants
3.5. Anthropogenic Effects on Pollutants
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2004 | 2014 | WHO Standards | Chinese Standards | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min. | Max. | Mean ± S.D. | Min. | Max. | Mean ± S.D. | ||||
pH * | 6.7 | 8.7 | 7.9 ± 0.23 | 6.9 | 8.9 | 7.8 ± 0.28 | 6.5–8.5 | 6.5–8.5 | |
TDS * | 222 | 4978 | 1013 ± 601.96 | 178 | 5550 | 1176 ± 840.74 | 500–1000 | 1000 | |
TH * | 79 | 7465 | 459 ± 355.33 | 30 | 2153 | 517 ± 271.86 | 500 | 450 | |
0.8 | 50.0 | 4.7 ± 5.63 | 0.2 | 62.9 | 4.1 ± 4.54 | 20 | |||
Na+ * | 10.0 | 1193.8 | 185.0 ± 163.93 | 12.1 | 1260.0 | 214.6 ± 206.68 | 200 | 200 | |
0.7 | 364.3 | 84.2 ± 44.18 | 0 | 421.0 | 93.6 ± 53.15 | 100 | |||
** | 6.9 | 219.0 | 62.7 ± 34.45 | 3.9 | 307.8 | 68.8 ± 40.77 | 50 | ||
* | 6.9 | 1752.8 | 168.3 ± 183.56 | 9.9 | 1836.8 | 215.3 ± 230.01 | 250 | 250 | |
* | 1.9 | 1428.2 | 280.0 ± 213.06 | 2.7 | 1880.0 | 326.1 ± 279.57 | 250 | 250 | |
** | 86.7 | 1187.7 | 403.1 ± 180.81 | 20.2 | 1420.7 | 426.0 ± 179.39 | 125–350 | ||
0 | 200.0 | 7.0 ± 18.05 | 0 | 300.0 | 19.1 ± 34.34 | 50 | 88 ** | ||
0 | 14.7 | 0.8 ± 0.99 | 0.1 | 86.0 | 0.9 ± 3.95 | 1.5 | 1 |
pH | TDS | TH | Na+ | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2004 | ||||||||||||
pH | 1 | |||||||||||
TDS | −0.22 ** | 1 | ||||||||||
TH | −0.18 ** | 0.48 ** | 1 | |||||||||
0.14 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.11 ** | 1 | |||||||||
Na+ | −0.15 ** | 0.92 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.22 ** | 1 | |||||||
−0.33 ** | 0.53 ** | 0.55 ** | 0.08 * | 0.27 ** | 1 | |||||||
−0.16 ** | 0.73 ** | 0.55 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.52 ** | 0.48 ** | 1 | ||||||
−0.21 ** | 0.91 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.89 ** | 0.47 ** | 0.59 ** | 1 | |||||
−0.17 ** | 0.90 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.81 ** | 0.44 ** | 0.66 ** | 0.74 ** | 1 | ||||
−0.18 ** | 0.37 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.54 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.11 ** | 1 | |||
−0.13 ** | 0.12 ** | 0.04 | −0.05 | 0.09 * | 0.12 ** | 0.02 | 0.08 * | 0.13 ** | −0.10 * | 1 | ||
0.04 | 0.25 ** | −0.03 | 0.30 ** | 0.29 ** | −0.15 ** | 0.09 * | 0.19 ** | 0.25 ** | 0.04 | 0.12 ** | 1 | |
2014 | ||||||||||||
pH | 1 | |||||||||||
TDS | 0.05 | 1 | ||||||||||
TH | −0.17 ** | 0.05 | 1 | |||||||||
0.09 * | 0.10 * | 0.33 ** | 1 | |||||||||
Na+ | 0.07 | 0.14 ** | 0.49 ** | 0.26 ** | 1 | |||||||
−0.27 ** | 0.01 | 0.87 ** | 0.24 ** | 0.28 ** | 1 | |||||||
−0.06 | 0.08 * | 0.93 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.58 ** | 0.64 ** | 1 | ||||||
0.01 | 0.10 ** | 0.63 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.92 ** | 0.44 ** | 0.68 ** | 1 | |||||
0 | 0.13 ** | 0.77 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.82 ** | 0.61 ** | 0.77 ** | 0.80 ** | 1 | ||||
−0.15 ** | 0.03 | 0.49 ** | 0.25 ** | 0.39 ** | 0.36 ** | 0.51 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.27 ** | 1 | |||
0.13 ** | 0.07 | 0.19 ** | 0.19 ** | 0.01 | 0.18 ** | 0.17 ** | 0.01 | 0.12 * | −0.09 | 1 | ||
0.06 | 0.13 ** | −0.07 | −0.01 | 0.04 | −0.09 * | −0.04 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.04 | 0.08 | 1 |
No. | 2004 | 2014 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eigenvalues | Contribution Rates of Principal Component | Cumulative Contribution Rates | Eigenvalues | Contribution Rates of Principal Component | Cumulative Contribution Rates | |
1 | 0.0745 | 66.15% | 66.15% | 0.1512 | 62.73% | 62.73% |
2 | 0.0205 | 18.21% | 84.37% | 0.0446 | 18.50% | 81.23% |
3 | 0.0100 | 8.92% | 93.29% | 0.0229 | 9.49% | 90.72% |
4 | 0.0037 | 3.25% | 96.54% | 0.0117 | 4.87% | 95.59% |
5 | 0.0030 | 2.70% | 99.24% | 0.0085 | 3.53% | 99.12% |
6 | 0.0009 | 0.7614% | 100.00% | 0.0021 | 0.88% | 100.00% |
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Wang, L.; Mei, Y.; Yu, K.; Li, Y.; Meng, X.; Hu, F. Anthropogenic Effects on Hydrogeochemical Characterization of the Shallow Groundwater in an Arid Irrigated Plain in Northwestern China. Water 2019, 11, 2247. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112247
Wang L, Mei Y, Yu K, Li Y, Meng X, Hu F. Anthropogenic Effects on Hydrogeochemical Characterization of the Shallow Groundwater in an Arid Irrigated Plain in Northwestern China. Water. 2019; 11(11):2247. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112247
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Luchen, Yi Mei, Kun Yu, Ying Li, Xuchen Meng, and Fusheng Hu. 2019. "Anthropogenic Effects on Hydrogeochemical Characterization of the Shallow Groundwater in an Arid Irrigated Plain in Northwestern China" Water 11, no. 11: 2247. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112247