Gabriel N. Toggenburg
University of Graz, Law, Faculty Member
- HONORARY PROFESSOR FOR EUROPEAN UNION AND HUMAN RIGHTS LAW.
All publications listed here were written in private capacity - they cannot be attributed to my current employer.edit
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At the occassion of the 10th anniversary of the EU's human rights catalogue being in force, this article assesse its relevance in practice.
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Interview zu den gegenwärtigen Herausforderungen der EU und ihrer Staaten angesichts des 60. Jahrestages des EU-Integrationsprozesses .
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This article explains what EU values are and what they are not. It reacts to an overly simplistic and reductionist view to these values.
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Nel 2000 l'Austria e stato accusata di violare i valori europei - l'articol analizza i eventi da una perspettiva giuridica (an analysis of the so called "EU-sanctions" imposed by the then EU15 against Austria in the year 2000).
Viel wird behauptet vom Menschenbild der EU. Der Aufsatz geht der Frage nach ob es ein solches gibt und ob die aufgestellten Behauptungen der Realität entsprechen.
This article shows how fundamental rigzhts relate to the Rule of Law debate and what role the FRA could play in this context.
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Hungarian translation of an article dealing with the position of the protection of minorities in EU law.
This collection of essays brings together leading scholars in the area of minority protection. The book - edited by Gabriel N. Toggenburg and published in Budapest - contains the Bolzano/Bozen declaration providing the EU with advise how... more
This collection of essays brings together leading scholars in the area of minority protection. The book - edited by Gabriel N. Toggenburg and published in Budapest - contains the Bolzano/Bozen declaration providing the EU with advise how to move forward in this field.
Dieser Aufsatz widmet sich der Stellung der Religion in den verschiedenen Facetten des EU-Rechts.
Ein essay zur Frage was Religion die EU und die Gesellschaft angeht und wie mit ihr rechtlich umzugehen ist.
The article analyses how the process of EU integration and EU law deal with the diversity of languages within the EU.
Ein Analyse des sich abzeichnenden Brexit aus europarechtlicher Perspektive.
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This book explains how minorities are protected in Europe - from A to Z.
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The right to good administration in the multilevel system of the European Union – a ‘newish’ right strengthening the administrative culture, in G. Alfredsson and W. Zhang (eds.), The Hague: Brill, 2016, pp. 109-116
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Das Recht der Europäischen Union (EU) verbietet seit jeher, EU-BürgerInnen wegen ihrer Staatsangehörigkeit schlechter zu stellen. Auch die Gleichstellung von Mann und Frau ist ein traditionelles Anliegen des Unionsrechts. Die ethni-sche... more
Das Recht der Europäischen Union (EU) verbietet seit jeher, EU-BürgerInnen wegen ihrer Staatsangehörigkeit schlechter zu stellen. Auch die Gleichstellung von Mann und Frau ist ein traditionelles Anliegen des Unionsrechts. Die ethni-sche Diskriminierung wird erst seit der Annahme einer entsprechenden Richtlinie im Jahr 2000 umfassend mit Mitteln des Europarechts bekämpft. In welchen Lebensbereichen die EU ihre BürgerInnen auch vor Diskriminierungen auf Grundlage der Religion, des Alters, einer Behinderung oder der sexuellen Aus-richtung schützen soll, ist hingegen seit über zehn Jahren Gegenstand politischer Debatten. Die Annahme von EU-Gesetzgebung bedarf der Einstimmigkeit im Rat der EU, was den Fortschritt schwierig gestaltet. Schlüsselwörter Alter · Behinderung · Diskriminierung · Ethnische Zugehörigkeit · Gleichbehandlung · Religion · Sexuelle Ausrichtung
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EIF EIF Working Paper 2014/4, online at
http://eif.univie.ac.at/downloads/workingpapers/wp2014_04_Toggenburg.pdf
http://eif.univie.ac.at/downloads/workingpapers/wp2014_04_Toggenburg.pdf
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Die Europäische Union und die Rechte ihrer Menschen. Ein Blick auf die jüngsten Entwicklungen in der EU-Menschenrechtspolitik, in Globalisierung und Neoliberalismus im Spiegelbild der Zukunft der Bürgergesellschaften Europas, in Wissenschaftliche Schriftenreihe der EALIZ, Waidhofen 2007, 103-114more
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Beitrag im Jahrbuch der Europäischen Integration
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in Weidenfeld/Wessels (Hrsg.), Jahrbuch der Europäischen Integration 2013, Nomos, Baden-Baden 2014, 197-202.
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Contribution to the rule of law debate
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... M. and Schwenken, Helen and Tol, Gonul and Somer, Murat and Schwartz, Katrina ZS and O'Dwyer, Conor and Toggenburg, Gabriel N. and Elman, Amy R. and Vasiljevic, Snjezana and Williams, Colin H. and Bucsa, Lavinia and... more
... M. and Schwenken, Helen and Tol, Gonul and Somer, Murat and Schwartz, Katrina ZS and O'Dwyer, Conor and Toggenburg, Gabriel N. and Elman, Amy R. and Vasiljevic, Snjezana and Williams, Colin H. and Bucsa, Lavinia and Pilinkaite-Sotirovic, Vilana and Budryte, Dovile. ...
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15. Das Recht der Europäischen Union und das Rahmenübereinkommen zum Schutz
nationaler Minderheiten,
in R. Hofmann et al (Hrsg.), Das Rahmenübereinkommen zum Schutz nationaler Minderheiten Handkommentar, Nomos, 2015, S. 52-67
nationaler Minderheiten,
in R. Hofmann et al (Hrsg.), Das Rahmenübereinkommen zum Schutz nationaler Minderheiten Handkommentar, Nomos, 2015, S. 52-67
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" “Language and Markets” is the topic of this article, which examines theirrelationship in ten short points. Specifically, it addresses the interrelationshipbetween res publica (the state),lingua (the language) and forum (the... more
" “Language and Markets” is the topic of this article, which examines theirrelationship in ten short points. Specifically, it addresses the interrelationshipbetween
res publica (the state),lingua (the language) and forum
(the market).The establishment of both the res publica
and the forum has often led to adecrease in linguistic diversity. At least, this is true if one considers the buildingof nation states. However, the same does not apply to European reality, despitethe fact that the EU has succeeded in establishing an efficient
forum and acommon res publica. The article goes on to explore the general state of thephenomena of linguae
, both in the European res publicae and in the European forum . It then explores the legal implications for national language policies when confronted with the four market freedoms in the European
forum in detail. Itconcludes that the European
forum does not seriously threaten Europeanlinguistic diversity, since a considerable degree of flexibility exists. In thisrespect the European res publica can learn from the European
forum since thethe former includes 20 official languages and preaches a rigid language systemwhich will need some adaptation without putting linguistic diversity at risk. Theauthor ends by stating that in the context of the very specific European“demoicracy” (a intertwined set of many democracies), market forces will notbring about the end of Europe’s linguistic diversity. Rather Europe will continueto offer a combination of a rather unique degree of economic unity with a ratherunique degree of linguistic diversity."
res publica (the state),lingua (the language) and forum
(the market).The establishment of both the res publica
and the forum has often led to adecrease in linguistic diversity. At least, this is true if one considers the buildingof nation states. However, the same does not apply to European reality, despitethe fact that the EU has succeeded in establishing an efficient
forum and acommon res publica. The article goes on to explore the general state of thephenomena of linguae
, both in the European res publicae and in the European forum . It then explores the legal implications for national language policies when confronted with the four market freedoms in the European
forum in detail. Itconcludes that the European
forum does not seriously threaten Europeanlinguistic diversity, since a considerable degree of flexibility exists. In thisrespect the European res publica can learn from the European
forum since thethe former includes 20 official languages and preaches a rigid language systemwhich will need some adaptation without putting linguistic diversity at risk. Theauthor ends by stating that in the context of the very specific European“demoicracy” (a intertwined set of many democracies), market forces will notbring about the end of Europe’s linguistic diversity. Rather Europe will continueto offer a combination of a rather unique degree of economic unity with a ratherunique degree of linguistic diversity."
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Dies ist eine Sammelmappe die Kursteilnehmer unentgeltlich und zu nicht gewerblichen Zwecken zur Verfügung gestellt wird. Sie besteht aus Beiträgen die im Jahrbuch für Europäische Integration veröffentlicht wurden (Nomos Verlag,... more
Dies ist eine Sammelmappe die Kursteilnehmer unentgeltlich und zu nicht gewerblichen Zwecken zur Verfügung gestellt wird. Sie besteht aus Beiträgen die im Jahrbuch für Europäische Integration veröffentlicht wurden (Nomos Verlag, herausgegeben von den Professoren Weidenfeld und Wessels; online zugänglich unter http://wissen‐europa.de/). .
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This article reflects selected developments that took place from 1 January to 31 December 2013 both in the EU’S internal policies (Section ii) as well as in the EU’S external relations (Section iii). With regard to the internal dimension,... more
This article reflects selected developments that took place from 1 January to 31 December 2013 both in the EU’S internal policies (Section ii) as well as in the EU’S external relations (Section iii). With regard to the internal dimension, developments in the field of Roma integration, the fight against hate crime and the protection of minority languages are traced. For the external dimension, the article covers the EU’S enlargement policy, its policies vis-à-vis countries in its wider neighbourhood in the East and in the South, and finally, the EU’S engagement at the broader international level.
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This article reflects selected developments that took place from 1 January to 31 December 2013 both in the EU’S internal policies (Section ii) as well as in the EU’S external relations (Section iii). With regard to the internal dimension,... more
This article reflects selected developments that took place from 1 January to 31 December 2013 both in the EU’S internal policies (Section ii) as well as in the EU’S external relations (Section iii). With regard to the internal dimension, developments in the field of Roma integration, the fight against hate crime and the protection of minority languages are traced. For the external dimension, the article covers the EU’S enlargement policy, its policies vis-à-vis countries in its wider neighbourhood in the East and in the South, and finally, the EU’S engagement at the broader international level.
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Respect for the values laid down in Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) was one of the primary reasons that led to the establishment of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). While neither the Treaties nor the... more
Respect for the values laid down in Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) was one of the primary reasons that led to the establishment of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). While neither the Treaties nor the Regulation establishing FRA envisage an explicit role for the FRA with respect to Article 7 TEU, its assistance may be sought in this context even though the contours of such an eventual assistance remains to be clarified. By contrast, the European Commission may approach the FRA should the Commission require its assistance with respect to the application of the framework it adopted in 2014. The Council and the Parliament could similarly require the FRA's assistance. It is however submitted that a more structured dialogue and the regular provision of data and analysis, including via the FRA, would make the EU system of monitoring respect for EU values within the EU itself more operational and help prevent double standards.
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A century ago Sigmund Freud was of the opinion that nothing would astonish an extraterrestrial creature visiting our planet earth more than the fact that humankind exists in two forms of sex. But one century on, E.T. and his kin would... more
A century ago Sigmund Freud was of the opinion that nothing would astonish an extraterrestrial creature visiting our planet earth more than the fact that humankind exists in two forms of sex. But one century on, E.T. and his kin would rather be astonished by the variety of inter-, intra-, and transsexual phenomena of contemporary societies. Sexuality offers through its subcategories of heterosexuality, bisexuality, homosexu- ality, and various transgendered identities a very diverse picture of human behavior. This leads to a remarkable diversity within the 27 societies of the European Union (EU). At the same time the legal responses to this diversity vary across member states, and in that sense sexuality also stands for a remarkable diversity between the 27 states. And there is overall con- sensus that the EU should not do entirely away with this legal pluralism. However, at the level of the EU, different institutions might have differ- ent perceptions as to which degree this legal pluralism has to be preserved. When it comes to minorities—be they of national, cultural, sexual, or
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There are obvious and essential links between human rights (often referred to as fundamental rights in the internal EU context) and administrative action – also at the level of the EU. Administrative law may negatively interfere with... more
There are obvious and essential links between human rights (often referred to as fundamental rights in the internal EU context) and administrative action – also at the level of the EU. Administrative law may negatively interfere with human rights positions. At the same time good administration is in itself an entitlement guaranteed by human rights as most prominently evidenced by Article 41 of the EU’s Charter of Fundamental Rights (ECFR). The relevance of administrative law has not always been that visible in EU law. Arguably, it was also under the influence of the ECFR that initiatives were taken towards a ‘Law of Administrative Procedure of the European Union’ that would bring together existing rules and principles that are scattered across a wide variety of sources. But, when thinking of the human rights profile of the EU, is ‘administration’ the first branch of government that comes to mind? Or is it rather the judiciary adjudicating on human rights conflicts or the legislature drafting rights-relevant legislation? Most probably, this depends on the perspective of the observer and without any doubt all three branches of government are crucial for the respect, protection and promotion of human rights. Still, remaining in an EU context, for decades only the Court was designing the EU’s human rights commitment. The legislature came in far later, adopting in the 1980s, for instance, legislation in the field of data protectionor at the beginning of the last decade, the equality directives. (Less)
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This article looks into the current and potential role of the European Union in the context of minority rights. It briefly shows how the topic of minority rights entered the stage of EU law and politics and how the legal competencies in... more
This article looks into the current and potential role of the European Union in the context of minority rights. It briefly shows how the topic of minority rights entered the stage of EU law and politics and how the legal competencies in the context of diversity management are distributed between the EU and national levels. The core of the contribution is dedicated to the role of the European Citizen Initiative (ECI) – an EU law instrument introduced by the treaty of Lisbon at the end of 2009. The experience with this tool of democratic participation over the last years reveals promising potential, but also sobering hurdles. Two case studies are presented in more detail to illustrate these two sides of the ECI.