Integrated Water Quality Governance and Sectoral Responsibility: The EU Water Framework Directive’s Impact on Agricultural Sector Policies in Norway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Norway’s Implementation of the Water Framework Directive
2.1. The Norwegian Water Reform
2.2. The Agricultural Policy Sector
2.3. Governance Modes and Policy Instrument Choices
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. The Participants’ Assessment of the Water Governance Arrangements
4.2. The Agriculture Sector Policy Objectives and Instruments
4.3. Summing Up Pattern of Stability and Change in Policy Objectives and Instruments
5. Discussion
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Water Governance | Agricultural Governance | |
---|---|---|
Governance mode | Network governance mode | Hierarchical governance mode |
Spatial division: | Catchment based borders, RBDs and SDs cutting across administrative borders | Administrative borders |
National level | Inter-ministerial network Inter-agency network | Ministry of Agriculture and Food The Norwegian Agriculture Agency |
Regional level | River Basin Districts RBD-boards comprised by all affected national authorities, counties and municipalities | County governor Representing the state |
Local level | Sub-Districts SD-boards comprised by all affected national authorities, counties and municipalities | Municipalities |
Type of Policy Instruments | National Level | Regional (County) Level | Local (Municipal) Level |
---|---|---|---|
Legal instruments | Regulation of organic fertilizing (major revision in 2003) Regulation of fertilizing program (1999) | Regional regulations forbidding autumn plowing | - |
Economic instruments | Environmental requirements linked to production grants. The national climate and environmental program (since 2012) | Avoid autumn plowing.Use of catch crops. Establish vegetation zones. Coffer dam maintenance. Voluntary agreements (since 2012). Environmentally friendly spreading of manure (since 2012). OR: Manure spreading restricted to springtime or growing season (since 2019). | Investments in coffer dams and wetland. Investments in hydro-technical infrastructure |
Information | Environmental program at each farm (until 2012) | - | - |
Organization | - | - | - |
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Hovik, S. Integrated Water Quality Governance and Sectoral Responsibility: The EU Water Framework Directive’s Impact on Agricultural Sector Policies in Norway. Water 2019, 11, 2215. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112215
Hovik S. Integrated Water Quality Governance and Sectoral Responsibility: The EU Water Framework Directive’s Impact on Agricultural Sector Policies in Norway. Water. 2019; 11(11):2215. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112215
Chicago/Turabian StyleHovik, Sissel. 2019. "Integrated Water Quality Governance and Sectoral Responsibility: The EU Water Framework Directive’s Impact on Agricultural Sector Policies in Norway" Water 11, no. 11: 2215. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112215